“My dog ate the data:” Eight excuses journal editors hear

barbara

Pioneer Founding member
Even the academics revert to child like excuses when they get caught. The list is both revealing and funny in that anyone would think these excuses would pass the smell test.

Retraction Watch
10-26-17
Tracking retractions as a window into the scientific process

http://retractionwatch.com/2017/10/26/dog-ate-data-eight-excuses-editors-hear/

As a journal editor, are you tired of hearing the same excuses from authors who are facing allegations of problematic data? If so, you’re not alone.

Recently, an editor of the journal Oncogene co-authored an editorial in the journal listing the types of excuses he often hears — and why none of them is valid. Writing the article with editor Justin Stebbing of Imperial College/Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust is David Sanders of Purdue University. Sanders himself has raised allegations of misconduct against a cancer researcher (and is currently being sued for defamation as a result).

Here are the problematic excuses they encounter:


‘Nothing to see here. Move along.’ This excuse comes from authors who can’t stop denying there are problems with their paper, even in the face of overwhelming evidence.
‘My dog ate the data.’ The “missing data” excuse makes more sense once a significant amount of time has passed since the paper was published, Stebbing and Sanders write.
‘If you look hard enough, you can find a trivial difference between two supposedly duplicated images.’ Um, not really, say Stebbing and Sanders — image processing can introduce artifacts, for instance. And even if there are minor differences, how can images with distinct origins be so similar?
‘It was the fault of a junior researcher.’ This could be true — but if so, why didn’t anyone else notice?
‘The responsible researcher is from another country and therefore unfamiliar with the standards expected in scientific publications.’ This excuse is “highly insulting” to researchers from other countries, Stebbing and Sanders note. And if the practices are so problematic, why didn’t the researcher’s supervisor school him or her on proper procedures?
‘It was only a control experiment.’ The authors note: “How many scientists have not had an unexpected result in a ‘control’ experiment that actually led to some insight? If control experiments were unimportant, why were they included in the article in the first place?”
‘The results have been replicated by ourselves or others, so the image manipulation is irrelevant.’
‘Someone is out to get me.’ Stebbing and Sanders write: “Perhaps true but irrelevant.”
We contacted Sanders to ask more about what prompted the editorial. He told us they wrote the article together after Sanders approached Stebbing about the idea:

It appears that many journals are facing issues of problematic images and plagiarism. We wanted to assure editors at other journals that these are shared experiences and to fortify them in their confrontations with authors who engage in specious reasoning.

We asked about the types of responses that all seemed to suggest the problems didn’t matter. For instance, Stebbing and Sanders said they hear authors argue “The results have been replicated by ourselves or others, so the image manipulation is irrelevant,” or “It was only a control experiment.” We asked Sanders why such logic is problematic:

Some researchers are product oriented. The ends justify the means. If overall the article is correct, the fact that details are flawed is irrelevant. The career reward system (grant funding, promotion, awards, etc.) favors productivity at all costs rather than solicitousness. If you have succeeded by ignoring the norms of scientific practice, you will minimize their importance.

This attitude is problematic, because the details are critical in scientific endeavor. Control experiments ARE experiments and are therefore important. Furthermore, knowingly falsifying data undermines confidence in the scientific enterprise. The ends do not justify the means. Finally, researchers who are violating scientific norms are receiving resources that are thereby being denied to those who adhere to those norms. It is a natural expectation, for example, that authors have written the text of an article and have not recycled it from one of their own articles or from that of someone else. It is unfair to those who expend the effort to follow the rules to allow those who find it expedient to violate them to benefit from their infractions.

Sanders has also raised concerns about other researchers’ work; he’s called for the retraction of a prominent paper in Science that suggests bacteria can live off of arsenic.

Sanders declined to comment on whether his experience with sharing his concerns about data from other scientists — such as cancer researcher Carlo Croce, now suing him for defamation — had informed this list of responses from accused authors.

He added that Oncogene, like many journals, adheres to the editorial guidelines established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The journal has had to retract multiple papers — for instance, earlier this year, we covered a puzzling instance where researchers asked to retract a paper from the journal after correcting it, based on additional questions raised about the corrected images.
 

barbara

Pioneer Founding member
And here's one of those "It wasn't me" researchers highlighted in today's Retraction Watch.

Researcher dismissed from university for suspected misconduct denies responsibility

Masashi Emoto

A university in Japan dismissed a researcher earlier this month after a probe uncovered evidence of image falsification in several of his papers.

The immunology researcher, Masashi Emoto, denied any wrongdoing. He has said that the experiments in question were performed by another researcher and “he was not responsible” for the falsification.

In 2013, Emoto filed a suit against Gunma University, in which he claimed another researcher possessed the raw data for the experiments in question. Emoto requested those documents be returned to him. However, the court determined that Emoto possessed the raw data.

According to the report — released by Gunma University on October 11 — without the raw data, the university could not prove Emoto committed the misconduct. However, the university determined that, as the corresponding author on the four papers, Emoto was responsible for the work.

According to our English version of the report, which we translated from Japanese using One Hour Translation, the committee concluded:

… Prof. Emoto was responsible for ensuring that research activities were conducted in accordance with scientifically sound methods and procedures … we were unable to submit evidence to prove research fraud beyond a reasonable doubt.

Emoto did not respond to our request for comment.

According to Takashi Minegishi, the chair of the inquiry committee, Emoto claimed he did not have that raw data and “was not responsible” for the falsification. Minegishi told us that Emoto filed a civil suit against the university in 2013, in which he argued that he could not submit the raw data because another researcher had them.

Minegishi declined to reveal who Emoto said possessed the raw data.

Minegishi told us “the court concluded that the documents were possessed by Prof. Emoto himself” and that he was responsible for presenting them to the university.

Aside from Emoto, three other authors appear on all four papers in question — Emoto’s wife, Yoshiko Emoto, who is also listed as his postdoc on his webpage, as well as Stefan H. E. Kaufmann and Robert Hurwitz, both from Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. Minegishi told us the university only looked into Masashi Emoto’s role in the research.

A long process

The allegations against Emoto first surfaced in February 2012. Minegishi explained that an outside expert alerted the university to potential problems in four of Emoto’s papers. After conducting a preliminary investigation to determine whether the allegations had merit, the university decided to move forward with a more formal probe on April 10, 2012. The committee completed its report on Aug. 7, 2017. (Note: Usually universities conduct an “inquiry” first to determine if there is enough evidence for a formal investigation, but it appears that the report has swapped the terms. According to the report, the committee conducted “a preliminary investigation” followed by a more formal “ inquiry.”)

Why did the investigation take more than five years? According to Minegishi, the court case — from Dec. 27, 2013 to Nov. 11, 2015 — held up the process:

Since the suit lasted so long, it delayed the release of this misconduct.

Here are the four papers:

“Role of interleukin-12 in determining differential kinetics of invariant natural killer T cells in response to differential burden of Listeria monocytogenes,” published in Microbes and Infection in December 2007, has been cited 11 times, according to Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science.
“Dissociated expression of natural killer 1.1 and T-cell receptor by invariant natural killer T cells after interleukin-12 receptor and T-cell receptor signalling,” published in Immunology in June 2009, has not yet been cited.
“alpha-GalCer ameliorates listeriosis by accelerating infiltration of Gr-11 cells into the liver,” published in European Journal of Immunology in February 2010, has been cited 11 times.
“alpha-Galactosylceramide Promotes Killing of Listeria monocytogenes within the Macrophage Phagosome through Invariant NKT-Cell Activation,” published in Infection and Immunity in March 2010, has been cited 10 times.
Minegishi told us that the committee did not expand the investigation beyond the four papers.

According to the report, the committee first recommended that Emoto withdraw the papers in July 2014, while the university was still investigating. The committee made the same recommendation on Sept. 15, 2017. The university dismissed Emoto on Oct. 4, 2017.

According to the Japan Times, there was another reason Emoto was in hot water:

The university said Emoto also issued repeated tweets, including “Gunma University is hopeless,” in 2011 and 2012 under a pseudonym. The [report] said Emoto denied making the tweets.

According to the report, Emoto has not yet contacted the journals about retracting the papers. Minegishi explained that if Emoto won’t request the papers be withdrawn, the university will consider doing so.

We contacted the journals as well. After we contacted Microbes and Infection and told it about the Gunma probe, the journal emailed the publisher about retracting the article, editor David Ojcius told us.

A spokesperson for Infection and Immunity said the journal had not been contacted by the author or the university about the paper.

A spokesperson for the British Society for Immunology, which publishes Immunology, declined to comment, but noted:

BSI and its journals take allegations of malpractice very seriously and adhere to the advice outlined in the COPE guidelines regarding falsification of results and retraction.
 
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